T.E.M.S Journal [Technology Engineering Maths Science]

Surface Tension

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-06

Today's article is about surface tension of a liquid. In 1981, Agnes Pokels published her work on surface tension with the help of sir Raleigh on Nature journal.

Units and Dimensions

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about units and dimensions, which is the basic of measurement, so it consists in our everyday life and everday science.

Laws of Physics are in fact relationships between major physical quantities. And the laws of Physics remains same for all observers inertial reference frame. Importance of measurement may be stated from often quoted view of Lord Kelvin.

"I often say that when you can measure what you are speaking about and Express it in numbers you know something about it but when you cannot Express it in numbers your knowledge is a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may be the beginning of knowledge but you have scarcely in your thought, advance to the stage of science whatever the matter may be".

All the scientists were not always remained confined only with strictly measurable concept no no denying the great importance of measurement to science. Open in the history of science small but significant discrepancies between the existing theory and accurate measurement have led to the development of the new and more general theories. Does the measurement of velocity of light in various media facilitated to establish the wave theory of light. Special theory of relativity actually a from an attempt to measure the absolute velocity of the Earth and the quantum theory emerge from the measurement of the distribution of energy in the black body spectrum. Sach advances in our understanding would not have been possible is scientists were satisfied with only a qualitative explanation of the natural phenomena.

JAMES WEBB SPACE TELESCOPE

Aravinth — 2021-09-06

The James Webb Space Telescope is the next-generation space telescope. This is the most expensive project of the 3 space agencies. These are NASA, ESA, CSA. This telescope will provide enhanced infrared resolution to the Hubble Space Telescope. This article explains the features and future of the James webb space telescope.

GAGANYAAN

Aravinth — 2021-09-11

Chandrayan is an Indian crewed orbital Spacecraft mission of INDIA. Gaganyaan means sky craft. This spacecraft is designed to carry three people. The superpowers are fighting for space projects. India wants to join this list to explore the universe using the power of science and technology. This article explains the future of Gagayaan features and budget details.

Complex Numbers

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-02

This article is about complex numbers.

A number(z) is called complex number if it is in the form z=p+iq, where p is the real part and q is the imaginary part and i=√-1. If p=0 then z becomes purely imaginary and if q=0 then z becomes purely real.

CHANDRAYAN 3

Aravinth — 2021-09-11

Chandrayan is a Lunar orbital mission of INDIA. Chandrayan means moon craft. This satellite was used to find water on the surface of the moon. The superpowers are fighting for space projects. India wants to join this list to explore the universe using the power of science and technology.

This article explains future lunar satellite features and budget details.

Comparison of Flows Over a Supercritical and a Conventional Airfoil

Jenika Mistry — 2021-09-09

A comparison of flows over the NACA/LANGLEY 0011 supercritical airfoil and NACA 0012 has been carried out at transonic Mach speed of 280 m/s. The analysis is carried out in the ANSYS Workbench. The boundary conditions are set accordingly and the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence model is used. Structured mesh has been generated for accurate results of flow simulation around the airfoil. Pressure coefficient curve, Velocity contour and Pressure contour are generated for both the airfoils and are compared. The simulation and analysis of pressure coefficient curve proves the effectiveness of the supercritical airfoil at transonic speeds.

Optimization of Conceptual Design of a 15 Seater Airplane

Cleon Dias — 2021-09-09

In today's world, air travel is the most convenient way to travel long distances in a short period of time; however, air travel is not always feasible for short distances. This article discusses a solution for making short-haul plane travel more convenient. A 15-seater plane is designed to cover such a short distance with the shortest take-off and landing distance possible, taking into account the plane's weight, drag, and lift force. According to the Federal Aviation Regulations, the computations are done analytically with the use of standard values. The issue of short-haul flight travel is expected to be alleviated with this solution

Nd3+ : YAG laser

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-07

This article is about the Nd³⁺ : YAG laser system.

This is one of the popular four level laser systems where the trivalent neodynium Nd³⁺ ion is doped in Ytrium-Aluminium-Garnet(Y₃Al₅O₁₂), an optically isotropic crystal, commonly known as YAG. The active centres are the Nd³⁺ions and except housing the Nd³⁺ ions The crystal atoms have no for the role in the lasing action.

Microstate and Macrostate

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about the basic concept of microstate and macrostate in statistical mechanics.

A complete specification of the set of six coordinates(x,y,z,p_x,p_y,p_z) of each particle of a system (within the limits of the dimensions of the cell accommodating its representative point) is said to define the microstate of the system.

In such a microstate specification what is stated is where each molecule is situated and with what momentum (necessarily, therefore the direction) each particle is moving within of course the limits of δx's and δp_x's.

Such a detailed specification however is quite unnecessary, even if possible to make, to describe the observable (macro) properties like pressure, temperature, etc. of the system. For instance, the ordinary density (i.e., mass per unit volume) of a gas is the same if the same number of molecules lie in each cell of ordinary space, no matter which are the molecules concerned. This means that the observable macroproperties just depends entirely on how many phase points lie in each cell of the phase space.

A specification of the number of phase points in each cell of the phase space, that is, the number N_iand for all i's defines what is termed the macrostate of the system.

Semiconductor: Covalent bond Theory

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-06

This article is about semiconductor crystal and the concept of hole.

Si and Ge are available in the form of crystalline solids. They have diamond lattice structures, i.e, each atom is surrounded by four equidistant nearest neighbors which lie at the corner of a tetrahedron. Both of them belong to the group lV of the periodic table and have four valance electrons. Each atom forms four covalent bonds with four nearest neighbouring atoms by sharing of valence electrons with opposite spin. Because of this formation of covalent bonds the valence electrons are not available for the conduction of electricity. So, at 0K the no free carrier is available and the crystal behaves as a perfect insulator. However at room temperature a few of the electrons acquire sufficient kinetic energy from thermal agitation and break their covalent bonds and conduction is made possible. The dislodged electrons can wander freely in a random fashion throughout the crystal. The minimum energy required to break such a covalent bond is about 0.72 eV for Ge and 1.1 eV for Si. When an electron escapes from covalent bond an electron vacancy is created in the bond and such and incomplete bond is called a hole. The hole maybe imagined to behave like a positively charged particle and can take part in the conduction of electricity. Under the action of an external electric field an electron from a nearby filled covalent bond, having almost the same energy as the hole, may come and feel the hole. This electron in turn leaves a new hole or vacancy behind. Thus the hole appears to move in a direction opposite to the direction of movement of the electron. Both of them contribute to the current in the same direction. So far as electrical conduction is concerned the hole behaves like a particle having a charge equal and opposite to that an electron.

Newton's second law of motion

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about Newton's second law of motion out of the three laws of motion he gave and forever changed the path of physics.

Properties of Liquid Helium

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-06

This article is about unusual properties or behaviour of liquid helium and its uses.

The normal boiling point of helium is 4.22 K. Keesom in 1932 cooled it to 0.71 K by making it boil under reduced pressure of 0.0036 mm of mercury, but could not freeze.

Liquid helium has a number of unusual physical properties. These are:

Its density is maximum at 2.2 K, being 0.1462 g/c.c. . With the decrease of temperature, the density decreases and tends to be constant below 1.5 K.
It is now established that liquid helium undergoes a transition at a temperature of 2.186 K. This temperature is known as the λ-point.
The liquid helium is called Helium I above the λ-point and is termed Helium II below it.

Interestingly, the two forms of liquid He are strikingly different in their physical properties. For instance, He II has an extraordinarily high thermal conductivity, unusually low viscosity. The liquid creeps along a surface rapidly so much so that a flask partly lowered into the liquid will gain or loose He II as if the flask was porous. He atoms move practically unhindered through He II — a process analogous to superconductivity where electrons move through metals practically unhindered. Below 1 K, He II appears to lose its abnormal properties. Between 1 to 2 K, it resembles no other liquid, gas or solid.

Newton's first Law of Motion

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about Newton's first law of motion out of the three laws of motion he gave and forever changed the path of physics.

Before Galileo was time that is in the aristotle's system of mechanics entrance of force was thought to be needed to keep a body moving with uniform speed along a straight line. It was thought that a body was in its natural state when it was at rest. Obviously the above Idea was developed from everyday experience of gradual slowing down and ultimately stopping of a moving isolated body on a rigid horizontal plane. Galileo was pointed out that the above effect of slowing down was due to the incomplete isolation and repeated the experiment using a smoother block and the smoother plane and providing a lubricant and noticed reduced decceleration and the block travel faster each time before coming to rest. Extrapolated from above experiment that if call friction could be eliminated the body would continue indefinitely in a straight line with constant speed. Newton adopted this principle of Galileo as a first law of three laws of motion and stated as

God Particle

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-06

This article is about the Higgs boson particle or the God particle (nick name).

During the year 2012, the God particle and LHC ( large hadron collider ) gain a lot of publicity and media attention for good. The Highs boson is named that way because the scientists made fun of how hard it was to detect the particle and the level of hardship was god level. But this article isn't about the god particle detection or LHC, but some of the theoritical aspect of the god particle.

Viscosity

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about viscosity, which is an important property of a liquid.The property of a liquid by virtue of which it opposes a relative motion of its layers is called viscosity.

Tesla Bot

Aravinth — 2021-09-06

Tesla is an electric vehicle company founded by Mr. Elon musk.

Tesla has some electric vehicle series.

The Tesla car is a fully automatic car with its own autopilot system. To some extent, it is like a robot. Recently Mr. Elon musk introduced a humanoid robot project called a Tesla bot. This article explains the features of the Tesla bot.

MANGALYAAN 2

Aravinth — 2021-09-11

Mangalyaan 2 is an Indian crewed orbital Spacecraft mission of INDIA. Mangalyaan means mars craft. This satellite will be used to find the living form on mars surface. The superpowers are fighting for space projects. India wants to join this list to explore the universe using the power of science and technology. This article explains the Mangalyan 2 features and budget details.

Designing of a 15 Seater Aircraft

Souradeep Datta — 2021-09-09

This paper gives a brief description about the designing of a 15 seater small aircraft. The designing of this project is purely performed with the help of Computer Aided Design (CAD) Software like Solidworks. The project is principally focused on designing of some particular components of small aircraft, so that it would be more feasible and be effective enough to handle more spontaneously. Along with this, the project also focused on its appearance, by which it will be more fascinating enough to attract more & more individuals. Small aircrafts are widely used for aerial surveying, light cargo transportation &to connect with the people from distant places in the world where airport infrastructure are not well developed. Hence, for all of these minor purposes we can use small aircrafts almost effortlessly.

PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION OF A MODIFIED TWIN-ENGINE TURBOPROP COMMUTER PLANE – LET L-410 TURBOLET UVP-E20

Dominic S. Chettiar — 2021-09-09

It has been observed that most low-cost carrier airlines in India (e.g., GoAir, SpiceJet, etc.) do not necessarily cater to remote rural areas and small towns, in terms of flight services and parcel transport. Smaller “bush” airlines operating light regional commuter aircraft have proven to be capable and efficient solutions, as observed in the often otherwise-inaccessible regions of countries such as Canada, Finland, Greenland, Russia and the USA. This only goes on to prove that such aircraft, with the necessary modifications, can quite easily be adapted for service in those out-of-the way, remote and unconnected regions of the Indian Subcontinent. The following report is intended to serve as an example of the performance evaluation of a modified twin-engine light turboprop commuter aircraft, namely, the Let L-410 Turbolet UVP-E20. The modifications so performed are intended to enable the final airframe design to serve as a 15-/16-seater regional commuter aircraft suitable for operation in the rural zones of India. It covers all the areas related to the aircraft’s construction, structure and performance. All the figures/values expressed in this report are extremely close approximations of their existing real-world equivalents, and can therefore be considered as binding on the full-size airframe described here

Design and Optimization of GAF Nomad N24A for UDAN Scheme

Melvin Moncy Joseph — 2021-09-09

With the declaration of the UDAN Scheme by the Government of India so that each and every Indian can avail the facilities of air travel at a cheap rate, the necessity for the design of small aircrafts (10- 20 seaters) to operate in regional airports became evident. This report aims at doing so by the modification and optimization of already existing aircraft GAF Nomad N24A

Uses of a Laser Beam

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about the applications of a laser beam in various fields such as communication science, biology, medicine etc.

Breeder Reactor

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-07

This article is about the reactor based on emission of two neutrons per fission.

U-235 is the only naturally occurring isotope that undergoes fission by thermal neutrons. As this fuel in a uranium reactor gets used up by fission and the neutrons themselves are lost in the fission products by absorption the reproduction factor k becomes less than 1. The reactor thus ceases to function as a chain reacting source within a few decades of operation and the nuclear fuel has to be replenished to restart the reactor. If nuclear energy is to be used for the generation of power such a continuous depletion of the world's uranium resource should be halted.

Acoustics of Building

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about different acoustic requirements for different types of buildings.

The subject of acoustics of buildings is concerned with the proper scientific design of buildings such that the optimum listening conditions are obtained. This is particularly important in the design of cinema and theatre halls, radio and TV studios, lecture halls conference rooms excetra. Professor Sabine first put the subject on a scientific footing. Clarity, loudness and uniform distribution throughout the auditorium are the principal requirements and reverberation, interference and resonance are the principal controlling factors in the scientific design of an auditorium

Impure or Extrinsic Semiconductor

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-06

This article is about impure or extrinsic semiconductor.

The characteristics of semiconductor materials can be changed significantly by adding a small percentage of impurity atoms. This process of addition of impurities is termed as doping and the resulting semiconductor is known as impure or extrinsic semiconductor. There are two types of extrinsic semiconductors: n-type and p-type.

Newton's third law of motion

Promita Ghosh — 2021-09-17

This article is about Newton's third law of motion out of the three laws of motion he gave and forever changed the path of physics.